Neurology

Conditions such as intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) or vertebral fractures can cause severe pain and neurological deficits. Clinical signs range from mobility problems to partial or complete paralysis. Diagnosis is based on neurological examination and advanced imaging. Depending on severity, a conservative approach or surgical intervention is chosen.

Spinal instability may arise from conditions such as atlantoaxial instability, lumbosacral compressive syndrome, or cauda equina syndrome. These problems can cause pain, neurological deficits, and movement disorders. An accurate diagnosis requires neurological examination and imaging. Treatment ranges from conservative management to surgical stabilization, depending on severity.

Inflammatory conditions of the spine, such as discospondylitis, often cause severe pain and neurological signs. This section explains how the diagnosis is established and which therapeutic options are available.

Epilepsy is a common neurological disorder in pets. It manifests as recurrent epileptic seizures with varying severity and duration. Diagnosis is based on medical history, clinical examination, and exclusion of other causes. Treatment usually consists of long-term medical therapy to control seizures.

Brain tumors can cause a wide range of neurological signs, depending on their location and size. Symptoms include behavioral changes, epileptic seizures, and coordination disorders. Diagnosis requires advanced imaging such as MRI or CT. Treatment may include surgery, medical management, or other targeted therapies.

In hydrocephalus, cerebrospinal fluid accumulates within the brain, leading to increased intracranial pressure. This can cause neurological signs such as behavioral changes, pain, or coordination disorders. Severity and progression vary between animals. Depending on the situation, medical treatment or surgical intervention may be indicated.

Immune-mediated disorders of the nervous system arise from an abnormal immune response. Examples include meningitis and meningoencephalitis. These diseases often cause pain, fever, and neurological symptoms. Treatment consists of suppressing the immune response and providing supportive care.

Infectious brain diseases may be caused by parasites such as Toxoplasma and Neospora, as well as by bacteria. These conditions often lead to neurological signs such as seizures, behavioral changes, and coordination disorders. Diagnosis requires targeted blood tests, imaging, and sometimes analysis of cerebrospinal fluid. Treatment depends on the causative agent and consists of targeted antimicrobial therapy and supportive care.

Ataxia is a condition in which coordination and balance are impaired, resulting in unsteady or uncontrolled movement. The cause may lie in disorders of the nervous system, the inner ear, or the muscles. A targeted diagnostic approach is required to identify the underlying cause. Treatment focuses on addressing that cause and supporting mobility and safety.

Paresis and paralysis refer to partial and complete loss of voluntary movement, respectively. They may result from disorders of the nervous system, the spinal column, or the muscles. A thorough neurological examination is necessary to determine the cause. Treatment depends on the underlying condition and is aimed at recovery or functional support.

Degenerative myelopathy is a progressive disease of the spinal cord that primarily affects older dogs. The condition gradually leads to loss of coordination and eventually paralysis of the hind limbs. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings and exclusion of other conditions. Treatment is supportive and focused on maintaining mobility and quality of life for as long as possible.

Infections such as discospondylitis or empyema can cause severe pain and neurological signs. They usually arise from bacterial infections that spread through the bloodstream. Diagnosis requires imaging and targeted laboratory testing. Treatment consists of prolonged antimicrobial therapy and supportive care.

MUO is an umbrella term for inflammatory diseases of the brain and spinal cord with an unknown cause. This section explains the clinical signs, diagnostic approach, and treatment options.

A thorough physical and neurological examination forms the foundation for detecting neurological abnormalities. Posture, movement, reflexes, and pain perception are systematically assessed. The findings help determine the localization of the problem. This examination is essential for developing a targeted diagnostic and therapeutic plan.

MRI and CT imaging are advanced techniques used to visualize abnormalities in the brain and spinal cord. They provide detailed information on soft tissues, bony structures, and space-occupying lesions. These investigations are frequently used in cases of neurological signs. The results support accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

A cerebrospinal fluid tap is performed to analyze cerebrospinal fluid. This test can reveal inflammation, infection, or other neurological disorders. The procedure is carried out under strict conditions and usually under anesthesia. The information obtained is often crucial for an accurate diagnosis.

Electrophysiological studies assess the function of nerves and muscles. They are used when nerve or muscle disorders are suspected. Tests such as EMG and nerve conduction studies provide insight into the nature and severity of the problem. These investigations support accurate diagnosis and treatment planning.

The BAER test is an objective method for assessing hearing in pets. It measures brainstem responses to sound stimuli. The test is commonly used when congenital or acquired hearing loss is suspected. The results help determine the extent and nature of the hearing problem.